Rise of the middle class in Latin America Research Paper

Ascent of the white collar class in Latin America - Research Paper Example Venezuela is the most urbanized and biggest economy of Latin America while Argentina is the second biggest and Colombia holds the third situation, as far as GDP (Venezuela Analysis, 2013). Latin America puts colossal underline on financial combination since the origin of Latin American Free Trade Association and Central American Common Market in 1960s. Truth be told, the economy has experienced different auxiliary changes because of the impact of various monetary impacts, for example, World Wars, money related emergency in 2008 and a few continuous common wars. In any case, the inner monetary advancement program of this landmass has been continuous by the arrangements taken by the economy, for example, import replacement by industrialization and open venture on wellbeing segment (Balderston, Gonzalez and Lã ³pez, 2000). Every one of these variables have driven the economy to encounter populace blast. In addition, as the instruction framework and business openings started to grow joi ning with upgraded government managed savings, the economy experienced ascent of white collar class society in Latin America. The paper will investigate the nature and determinates of monetary development and ascent of white collar class in Latin America, particularly focusing on the three greatest economies of the establish, for example, Venezuela, Argentina and Colombia as well as could be expected outcomes of such social change. Since decades, neediness kept on being the fundamental test for the economy of Latin America. Be that as it may, in the wake of encountering a long arrangement of stagflation, the number of inhabitants in Latin America began extending and extra amounts of time the white collar class developed in a significant extent of the populace. Before this, the socioeconomics of Latin America were described by the nearness of helpless pay gathering, experiencing monetary uncertainty (Lã ³pez-Calva and Juarez, 2013). Be that as it may, over some undefined time frame, financial development just as

College Essay Ideas that will Help You Write Well

A similar composing abilities that you learned in English or composing class will assist you with discovering extraordinary school exposition thoughts. You can likewise discover numerous supportive school exposition tips on the web, and there are numerous books accessible to assist you with making an incredible school paper. Nonetheless, composing your school application article isn't that not the same as the kind of composing that you are utilized to. Regardless of whether you are familiar with composing more for business or research papers for your classes, you will just need to roll out a couple of improvements to write in the style that is generally wanted for school essays.1. Content is KingAdmissions boards of trustees are searching for the core of your exposition. Ensure that you are communicating your focuses plainly and arriving at the point rapidly. While it isn't fitting to present an article that is altogether shorter than normal, affirmations officials will regard a pape r that is firmly developed and offers important information.2. Exhibit that You Took Time to Write the EssayIt is ridiculous to expect the confirmations officials to think more about your article than you do. In the event that your paper has incredible substance yet additionally goes off on unessential digressions, shows up hurriedly composed, or the tone of your school article tips over into one of irritation with the exposition composing process, they will lose intrigue rapidly. Show that you are not kidding in applying to their program by setting aside the effort to make a cleaned product.3. Let Others Review Your EssayEspecially if you’re not secure with the course or nature of your draft of the article so far, it very well may be startling to demonstrate it to other people. Be that as it may, you intend to demonstrate it to the entrance advisory board, so why not get some input? Saying this doesn't imply that that you need to incorporate each suggestion from someone else . However, it will give you required knowledge into how others will probably see your school essay.The Best College Essay Ideas are Not ComplicatedUnfortunately, there are additionally numerous awful school exposition tips out there. Books and sites disclose to you that they have school paper thoughts on the most proficient method to guarantee that your article will totally flabbergast the affirmations officials. Or on the other hand they guarantee that they can assist you with presenting an article that is among the best 50 (or 100 or 200) best expositions that the school has ever gotten. There truly is no requirement for such babble in producing remarkable school article thoughts. Affirmations officials most need articles that are elegantly composed yet centered around content.

Organic vs Non-Organic Essay

I. Presentation: Thesis Statement: People ought to expend natural nourishments since they have More nutritious, No pesticides are utilized on them, No hormones or anti-infection agents are utilized in their creation A. Significant Proposition or Premise (before on the grounds that): People ought to expend natural nourishments B. first Minor Proposition or Premise (after on the grounds that): More nutritious. C. second Minor Proposition or Premise (after on the grounds that): No pesticides are utilized on them. D. third Minor Proposition or Premise (after in light of the fact that): No hormones or anti-infection agents are utilized in their creation. II. A. first Minor Proposition or Premise (after in light of the fact that): Progressively nutritious B. Proof: Expert Testimony: Lady Eve Balfour Philosophical Theory: Jeffrey Stephen Wicken Historical Examples: N/A Statistics: ( journeytoforever. organization/farm_library/worthington-natural. pdf) Logic: The makers of non-natural food contend that the natural name is an advertising apparatus. It's anything but an announcement about sanitation. Nor is â€Å"organic† a worth judgment about nourishment or quality. Natural is the way it is created. Because something is marked natural doesn't mean it is predominant, more secure, or more solid than ordinary nourishments. All nourishments in this nation must fulfill a similar high guidelines of wellbeing paying little heed to their order C. Restriction of first Minor Proposition/Premise: There is no proof at all that an eating regimen high in or only of natural nourishments is any more advantageous for you than an eating regimen of ordinary nourishments, no unmistakable or reliable distinction could be found in the healthy benefit D. Proof: Expert Testimony: Martin Hickman Philosophical Theory: Dan Glickman 2004 Historical Examples: N/A Statistics: (http://www. autonomous. co. uk/way of life/food-and-drink/news/natural food-no-more beneficial than-traditional 1764448. html) Logic: There is a lot of proof anyway that a different eating routine, high in natural products, vegetables, entire grains and fish is sound E. Refutation(Against) of Opposition Premise: A lot of research has been directed on the supplement substance of natural versus regular nourishments in the course of the only remaining century III. A. second Minor Proposition or Premise (after in light of the fact that): No pesticides are utilized on them. B. Proof: Expert Testimony: Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs. Philosophical Theory: Ned Goth Historical Examples: N/A Statistics: http://www. independent.co. uk/way of life/food-and-drink/news/natural food-no-more advantageous than-regular 1764448. html Logic: While engineered pesticides are restricted in natural cultivating, some ‘natural’ pesticides may in any case be utilized, and they are not really less troubling on the grounds that they’re characteristic. C. Resistance of second Minor Proposition/Premise: Organic ranchers guarantee to utilize a blend of procedures to abstain from having to â€Å"resort† to utilizing pesticides D. Proof: Expert Testimony: Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs Philosophical Theory: Ned Goth Historical Examples: N/A Statistics: http://ourworld. unu.edu/en/apples-have-sentiments as well/Logic: Organic pesticides present the very same kind of ecological and wellbeing dangers as do non-natural pesticides and frequently present a bigger number of dangers than synthetics. E. Refutation(Against) of Opposition Premise: The contrast among natural and engineered pesticides isn't their harmfulness to vermin, individuals or the earth, yet rather their starting point IV. A. third Minor Proposition or Premise (after on the grounds that): No hormones or anti-microbials are utilized in their creation B. Proof: Expert Testimony: Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs Philosophical Theory: Ned Goth Historical Examples :N/A. Measurements: (http://www. autonomous. co. uk/way of life/food-and-drink/news/natural food) Logic: All researchers said it was sheltered and none of the investigations demonstrated the hormone to show up in or change the milk or meat C. Restriction of third Minor Proposition/Premise: Organic milk and non-natural milk are basically indistinguishable D. Proof: Expert Testimony: Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs Philosophical Theory: Robert V. Tauxe, M. D Historical Examples: N/A Statistics: ABC News 20/20, How great is natural food? , February 20,2000 Logic: Hormones show up normally in all milk, eggs and soy items F. Refutation(Against) of Opposition Premise: Conventional milk in the US is 100% liberated from counterfeit hormones and 99. 999% liberated from anti-toxins. V. End: So is natural food better for you? Well in the event that you consider that diminishing your poison trouble and expanding your admission of nutrients, minerals, and cancer prevention agents can significantly affect wellbeing, at that point it surely is. Obviously, you must have the option to manage the cost of the expansion in cost, however it may merit removing quick nourishments and going through your cash all the more admirably on home-made suppers.

The Retinol and L-Ascorbic Acid Free Sample For the Students

Question: Compose a Clinical Report Based on their and different understudies Survey Findings and furthermore required to Complete the Consumer Perception Questionnaire. Answer: Presentation L-Ascorbic Acid is referred to generally as Vitamin C. Numerous individuals realize that this nutrient is basic to the resistant arrangement of human, yet just a couple of them comprehend that the nutrient C is a fixing to skin that is sound. Nutrient C is a cancer prevention agent which can invert the harm on the skin brought about by the extraordinary introduction to the sun and can even fix the skin by delivering animates collagen which plays out the capacity. L-Ascorbic corrosive aides in easing back the melanin creation and this evacuates dim spots that are regularly brought about by pregnancy, changes in hormones, and maturing. This corrosive likewise forestalls the improvement of malignancy of the skin since it is an enemy of oxidant. At the point when this corrosive is applied all the time, there will be an improvement of the nature of the skin and the surface of the skin.(Benjamin Caballero, 2014, p. 140) Retinol is referred to generally as Vitamin An on the grounds that it is an individual from the group of Vitamin A. Retinol is utilized for treatment and counteraction of lack brought about by xerophthalmia. A standard portion is strongly suggested while a huge portion can cause antagonistic impacts like dry skin and might be risky to the child when applied by a pregnant lady. The wellsprings of retinol incorporate results of dairy and fish. Retinol helps in progress of skin by smoothening wrinkles and expelling the dull spots on the skin by making pores of the skin look little. Be that as it may, it might make bothering a few people and cause them to have a pessimistic demeanor towards utilizing retinol. The skin changes over retinol into retinoic corrosive which does the recuperating of the skin. (Burdock, 2010, p. 152) In this report, we are going to utilize Retinol and L-Ascorbic corrosive by applying the two items on various segments of a similar face and investigate the outcomes. Strategy We were given both L-Ascorbic Acid and Retinol for this analysis. We focused on a given populace region and conversed with them about the point of giving them the items first before giving them out. It was important to address the members first to make them agreeable and helpful when being posed inquiries concerning how they feel about the item. Every individual we drew closer, we disclosed to them the system of applying the item they will use on their appearances for the following a month and a half. Coming up next was the procedure that the individuals picked followed: They utilized Retinol on the left of the face for both day and night. They applied L-Ascorbic corrosive on the correct side of the face for both day and night. They guaranteed that the skin was cleaned a long time before utilization of these items No other item was to be utilized separated from the two give for the term of a half year. We permitted the individuals that have been decided to quit applying the items if there should arise an occurrence of any negative signs o the face that may have been brought about by the items. During about a month and a half, we visited the gathering utilizing these two items on a week by week premise to keep an eye on their advancement and noted on account of any progressions that was watched. After the length of about a month and a half, we kept an eye on the gathering and noted down the last perception of each. We asked them inquiries we arranged in the poll and recorded the outcomes down.(Heneth A Walters, 2010, p. 182) Results We classified outcomes for as appeared in the table underneath: For L-Ascorbic Acid Observation Criteria Rating Item surface and consistency (How can it feel on your skin?) 52% Comfortable 43% Too light 5% Too substantial Impacts of pigmentation 32% No change 64% Slight improvement 4% Significant improvement Impacts on scarce differences 67% No change 33% Slight improvement 1% Significant improvement Impacts on skin dampness content 35% Slight improvement 62% Slight improvement. 3% Significant improvement. Impacts in skin surface (pores, unpleasantness, and so on.) 28% No change 60% Slight improvement. 12% Significant improvement. Reactions: stinging with starting application 57% None 39% Mild 4% Uncomfortable. Reactions: erythema 89% None 7% Mild. 4% Moderate. Opposite reactions: 3 Increased Acne sores, 3 increments in Skin dryness, clog, blocked pores, yellowing of fingers. Remarks: Consistency light, people with dry skin may need to utilize a heavier cream to redress. For Retinol Discernment Criteria Rating Item surface and consistency (How can it feel on your skin?) 79% Comfortable 15% Too light. 6% Too substantial. Impacts of pigmentation 74% No change 26% Slight improvement. Impacts on scarcely discernible differences 69% No change. 27% Slight improvement. 4% Significant improvement. Impacts on skin dampness content 63% No change. 20% Slight improvement. 17% Significant improvement. Impacts in skin surface (pores, unpleasantness, and so on.) 20% Slight improvement. 63% Slight improvement. 17% Significant improvement. Reactions: stinging with starting application 82% None. 18% Mild. Reactions: erythema 74% None. 15% Mild. 11% Moderate. Opposite reactions: 2 individuals detailed dryness and disturbance. 1 member noticed that skin felt warm and 1 halted as a result of pimples. Remarks: 3 Not-adequate hydration, 1 diminished skin inflammation sores, 2 abnormal surface smell, 5 critical clog, 7 appreciated item, 5 improved lines, 1 also oil, 2 excessively clingy, 1 halted because of an un-noted response. Conversation From the outcomes appeared above, we noticed that item with respect to surface and consistency; many discovered Retinol more agreeable than L-Ascorbic corrosive. The level of individuals that discovered Retinol more agreeable was 27% more than the individuals who discovered L-Ascorbic corrosive. Those members that pre-owned L-Ascorbic corrosive understood a noteworthy improvement in the pigmentation while none of them understood a critical improvement in the wake of utilizing Retinol. A critical number of members saw an adjustment in the lines on their appearances subsequent to utilizing Retinol while just a modest number saw a change all over lines in the wake of utilizing L-Ascorbic corrosive. 5% progressively number of the individuals acknowledged changes in the surface of their skin subsequent to utilizing Retinol than the quantity of members who saw such a change in the wake of utilizing L-Ascorbic corrosive. (Hui, 2013, p. 171) A critical number of individuals understood that L-Ascorbic corrosive stingingly affected the skin subsequent to applying it, while the quantity of members who felt a stinging impact in the wake of utilizing Retinol was an inconsequential number. An incredible number of the individuals who utilized L-Ascorbic never had the symptoms (erythema) while a decent number of them encountered the reactions in the wake of utilizing Retinol. A portion of the symptoms that were experienced by the members in the wake of utilizing L-Ascorbic corrosive were: Increased Acne sores, increments in Skin dryness, blockage, blocked pores, and yellowing of fingers. The members said the accompanying regarding Retinol: Not-adequate hydration, diminished skin break out injuries, bizarre surface smell, noteworthy clog, delighted in the item, improved lines, also oil, excessively clingy, and halted because of an un-noted reaction.(Peter M Prendergast, 2011, p. 189) From the impacts and encounters of both Retinol and L-Ascorbic corrosive, we understood that a noteworthy number of individuals who utilized Retinol thought that it was favorable and will consider utilizing it in view of the positive outcomes they saw on the face they applied Retinol. The unfavorable symptoms of Retinol are not many because of the distinction in skins of everybody, except just a couple of them felt the impacts. Albeit a more noteworthy number of members felt that their skins pigmentation has changed fundamentally subsequent to utilizing L-Ascorbic corrosive, we understood that the outcomes of this corrosive is exceptionally critical to make individuals and most of them won't utilize the corrosive due o the negative experience they had when they applied it.(Lycka, 2012, p. 174) End From the exploration we completed in the given populace, we saw that the impacts of L-Ascorbic are various and just a couple of individuals saw the change on their skin following a month and a half of use. Numerous members encountered the adjustment in their skin in the wake of utilizing Retinol, and we understood that the reactions of Retinol are not many and just happened to a couple of number of members. The gathering individuals namelessly concurred that Retinol is the best cell reinforcement to use if there should be an occurrence of broken skin, lines on the face, little pigmentation, and smooth skin. In the review, we additionally saw that it everybody has an alternate kind of skin and only one out of every odd skin will react a cancer prevention agent regardless of whether it is the best oxidant References Benjamin Caballero, L. A. (2014). Reference book of Human Nutrition. Boston: Elsevier Academic Press.(150-201) Brandth Irwin, M. M. (2011). Your Best Fac . California: Hay House.(120-145) Burdock, G. A. (2010). Reference book of Food and Color Additives. Tokyo: CRC Press.(250-280) Heneth A Walters, M. S. (2010). Dermatologic, Cosmeceutic, and Cometic Development. Buranda: Informa Publishers .(134-140) Hui, Y. H. (2013). Handbook of Food Science, Technology and Engineering. China: IEEE.(137-301) Jeffrey S Dover, M. A. (2011). Strategy in Cosmetic Dermatology, Cosmeceuticals. Michigan: Elsevier Publishers.(120-201) Lycka, B. (2012). Hw to Recover and Keep Your Skin's Beauty. Canada: CJSM Publishers.(78-102) Micheal B Sporn, A. B. (2009). The Retinoids. Sydney: Academic Press Publishers.(142-150) Nadeau, M. V. (2011). The Yoga Facelift. Italy: Bitingduck Press.(134-170) Neil S Sadick, M. L. (2010). Cosmeceutical Science in Clinical Practice. New York: Informa Publishers.(203-234) Diminish M Prendergast, M. A. (2011). Stylish Medicine. Michigan: Springer.(240-245)

Free Frankenstein Essays: The Letters and Chapters 1 & 2 :: Frankenstein essays

Frankenstein: The Letters and Chapters 1 & 2   An initial introduction of Walton is state that he is amazingly yearning. He wants to go toward the North Pole to achieve some incredible reason. He has his own speculations on what ought to be there, and won't rest until he has demonstrated them. This is to some degree 'Exceptional' aspiration, in that he wishes to be lauded for finding something new which will profit every other person on the planet. The language utilized is additionally particularly like Old Testament, Biblical; Paradise shower down gifts on you. The picture of Walton being 'Supernatural' is upgraded by this.   Nonetheless, he is ill bred of his family, as he conflicts with his dads biting the dust directive, which had taboo him from setting out on a nautical life. He is by all accounts egocentric, and not mindful of any other individual or their emotions. He is purposely resisting his dad to seek after an individual desire. He is leaving his sister in England, and toward the finish of each letter he composes that he may not see her again, Goodbye my dear, magnificent Margaret, Recollect me with fondness, should you never get notification from me again. Each time she gets a letter from him, she will be cheerful of his arrival and security, and afterward he states Will I meet you once more?. This is narrow minded of him, as it will stress her much progressively over his campaign. Again this 'Divine' topic reoccurs as he is doing what he needs to do.   Having just been taught about this enthusiasm through his own perusing, he can't generally make certain of what he will find once he arrives at his goal. His convictions that day off ice are expelled from the North Pole appear as unconventional as accepting that the earth is level. Obviously he doesn't see it along these lines, he needs to demonstrate his own hypothesis. In the wake of fizzling at being an artist he wouldn't like to flop as a researcher and pioneer either. He is positive about his convictions and will persevere relentlessly, not in any case work as an under-mate in a Greenland Whaler, to get where he needs to be, and ideally find what he needs to find.   In the subsequent letter, Walton expounds on his craving for a companion. As he has left the entirety of his colleagues in England, he no longer has anybody to pass on speculations and thoughts to, take an interest in his euphoria, or solace him in the midst of sadness.

AP Calculus Review Derivatives of Inverse Functions

One of the trickiest topics on the AP Calculus AB/BC exam is the concept of inverse functions and their derivatives. In this review article, well see how a powerful theorem can be used to find the derivatives of inverse functions. Then well talk about the more common inverses and their derivatives. What are Inverse Functions? Basically, an inverse function is a function that reverses what the original function did. For example, consider f(x) = 3x 6. What does f do to its input x? Using correct order of operations, f has the following effect: First multiply by 3. Then subtract 6 from the result. So, in order to reverse what f does, we have to follow the steps backwards. This is very much like reversing your driving directions to return home from an unfamiliar place. First add 6 (to undo the subtraction). Then divide by 3 (to undo the multiplication). Therefore, the inverse function, which well call g(x) for right now, has the formula, g(x) = (x + 6)/3 The notation for the inverse function of f is f-1. So we could write: f-1(x) = (x + 6)/3 Our purpose here is not to be able to solve to find inverse functions in all cases. In fact, the main theorem for finding their derivatives does not require solving for f-1(x) explicitly. Finding the Derivative of an Inverse Function Computing the derivative of an inverse function is not too much more difficult than computing derivatives in general. First, heres a quick review of the basic derivative rules: Calculus Review: Derivative Rules. The Main Theorem for Inverses Suppose that f is a function that has a well-defined inverse f-1, and suppose that (a, b) is a point on the graph of y = f(x). Then However, you might see a different version of this rule. Another way to say that (a, b) is a point on the graph of y = f(x) is to say that b = f(a). Moreover, by properties of the inverse, then we can say that a = f-1(b). Finally, replacing b by x, we discover the second version of the Main Theorem: The two versions are useful in different contexts, which we shall see in the examples. Its also good to know that the condition of having a well-defined inverse is satisfied whenever the function is one-to-one. Example 1 Suppose that g(x) is the inverse function for f(x) = 3x5 + 6x3 + 4. Find the value of g(13). Solution It wont do us any good to try to solve for the inverse function algebraically. This polynomial is just too complicated for that. Instead, we must rely on the Main Theorem. First, find the derivative of the original function. f(x) = 15x4 + 18x2 The other piece of the puzzle is the value to plug in. Identify b = 13 from the problem statement. But dont plug 13 into anything! Instead, the formula requires a value a such that f(a) = b; that is, f(a) = 13. So it looks like we might have to solve: 3x5 + 6x3 + 4 = 13 However, that polynomial is still way to difficult to solve algebraically. Fortunately, it doesnt take long to guess and check a value for x that would make this equation true. Just look at the coefficients: they add up to 13 Thus, if we just plugged in x = 1, then wed get the correct result. 3(1)5 + 6(1)3 + 4 = 3 + 6 + 4 = 13 This means we should use a = 1 in the formula for the derivative. Finally, put it all together using the formula from the Main Theorem: g(b) = 1/f(a) g(13) = 1/f(1) = 1/(15(1)4 + 18(1)2) = 1/33. Common Inverses and Their Derivatives Some functions are so important that their inverses get special names. Well take a look at two such cases: Logarithms, and Inverse trig functions Logarithmic Functions Logarithms are nothing more than the inverses of exponentiation. For a quick review, check out: AP Calculus Review: Properties of Exponents and Logarithms. For our purposes in this article, it suffices to understand the following inverse relationship. If f(x) = ax, then f-1(x) = loga x So in particular, when the base is e, the natural base, then we get a relationship between ex and the natural logarithm, ln x. If f(x) = ex, then f-1(x) = ln x Let use the Main Theorem to prove that the derivative of ln x is indeed equal to 1/x. Remember, if f(x) = ex, then f(x) = ex as well. You could do a similar thing to calculate the derivative of loga x. But its easier just to memorize the end result. Here are the derivatives of the logarithmic functions: Trigonometric Functions Each of the six trig functions has its own inverse function. (Each of them requires a certain restriction on the domain of the original function to ensure that its one-to-one. But we wont get into the technical details here.) The inverse for sin x is either written sin-1 x or arcsin x. Similar notation applies for the other five. You can use the Main Theorem for inverse functions to work out their derivatives, but its better just to have these memorized. Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions Example 2 Find the slope of the tangent line to y = arctan 5x at x = 1/5. Solution We know that arctan x is the inverse function for tan x, but instead of using the Main Theorem, lets just assume we have the derivative memorized already. (You can cheat and look at the above table for now I wont tell anyone.) When you take the derivative, keep in mind that there will be a Chain Rule, with inside function u = 5x and outside function arctan u. Then plug in x = 1/5 to compute the slope.

The Various Pen Names for Theodor Geisel

Theodor Ted Seuss Geisel wrote more than 60 childrens books and became one of the most famous childrens authors of all time. He used a few pen names, but his most popular one is a household name: Dr. Seuss. He penned a number of books under other names, such as Theo LeSieg and Rosetta Stone. Early Pen Names When he first began writing and illustrating childrens books, Theodor Geisel combined Dr. and Seuss, his middle name, which was also his mothers maiden name, to create the pseudonym Dr. Seuss. He started the practice of using a pseudonym when he was in college and he was stripped of his editorial privileges for the schools humor magazine, the Jack-O-Lantern. Geisel then began publishing under aliases, such as L. Pasteur, D.G. Rossetti 25, T. Seuss, and Seuss. Once he left school and became a magazine cartoonist, he began signing his work as â€Å"Dr. Theophrastus Seuss† in 1927. Although he did not finish his  doctorate in literature at Oxford as he had hoped, he still decided to shorten his pen name to â€Å"Dr. Seuss† in 1928. Pronunciation of Seuss In acquiring his new pseudonym, he also gained a new pronunciation for his family name. Most Americans pronounced the name Soose, rhyming with Goose. The correct pronunciation is actually Zoice,  Ã‚  rhyming with Voice. One of his friends,  Alexander Liang, created a Seuss-like poem about how people were mispronouncing Seuss: You’re wrong as the deuceAnd you shouldn’t rejoiceIf you’re calling him Seuss.He pronounces it Soice (or Zoice). Geisel embraced the Americanized  pronunciation (his mothers family was Bavarian) because of its close correlation to famed childrens author Mother Goose.  Apparently, he also  added the Doctor (abbreviated Dr.) to his pen name because his father had always wanted him to practice medicine. Later Pen Names He used Dr. Seuss for childrens books that he both wrote and illustrated. Theo LeSieg (Geisel spelled backward) is another name he used for books he wrote. Most of the LeSieg books were illustrated by someone else. Rosetta Stone is a pseudonym he used when he worked with Philip D. Eastman. Stone is an homage to his wife Audrey Stone. Books Written Under Different Pen Names Books Written as Theo LeSieg Name of the Book Year Come Over to My House 1966 Hooper Humperdinck...? Not Him! 1976 I Can Write! A Book by Me, Myself 1971 I Wish That I Had Duck Feet 1965 In a People House 1972 Maybe You Should Fly a Jet! Maybe You Should Be a Vet! 1980 Please Try to Remember the First of Octember! 1977 Ten Apples Up on Top 1961 The Eye Book 1968 The Many Mice of Mr. Brice 1973 The Tooth Book 1981 Wacky Wednesday 1974 Would You Rather Be a Bullfrog? 1975 Book Written as Rosetta Stone Because a Little Bug Went Ka-Choo! (illustrated by MichaelFrith) 1975 Books Written as Dr. Seuss And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street 1937 The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins 1938 The King's Stilts 1939 Horton Hatches the Egg 1940 McElligot's Pool 1947 Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose 1948 Bartholomew and the Oobleck 1949 If I Ran the Zoo 1950 Scrambled Eggs Super! 1953 Horton Hears a Who! 1954 On Beyond Zebra 1955 If I Ran the Circus 1956 The Cat in the Hat 1957 How the Grinch Stole Christmas 1957 Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories 1958 The Cat in the Hat Comes Back! 1958 Happy Birthday to You! 1959 Green Eggs and Ham 1960 One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish 1960 The Sneetches and Other Stories 1961 Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book 1962 Dr. Seuss's ABC 1963 Hop on Pop 1963 Fox in Socks 1965 I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew 1965 The Cat in the Hat Song Book 1967 The Foot Book 1968 I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today! And Other Stories 1969 My Book About Me 1969 I Can Draw It Myself 1970 Mr. Brown Can Moo! Can You? 1970 The Lorax 1971 Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now! 1972 Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are? 1973 The Shape of Me and Other Stuff 1973 Great Day for Up 1974 There's a Wocket in My Pocket! 1974 Oh, the Thinks You Can Think! 1975 The Cat's Quizzer 1976 I Can Read With My Eyes Shut! 1978 Oh Say Can You Say? 1979 Hunches in Bunches 1982 The Butter Battle Book 1984 You're Only Old Once! 1986 I Am Not Going to Get Up Today! 1987 Oh, the Places You'll Go! 1990 Daisy-Head Mayzie 1994 My Many Colored Days 1996 Hooray for Diffendoofer Day! 1998 Most Famous Books Seuss top-selling books and best-known titles include Green Eggs and Ham, The Cat in the Hat, One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish, and Dr. Seusss ABC. Many of Seuss books have been adapted for television and film and inspired animated series. Popular titles to hit the silver screen included How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Horton Hears a Who, and The Lorax.

Test Bank International Economic - 1116 Words

Sovereignity- supreme amp; independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state or community. Being sovereign nations can be more indifferent to the interests of others. As long as nations exist, international economics will always need a separate body of analysis distinct from the rest of economies. Globalization- worldwide integration amp; development; extending to other or all parts of the world Euro Benefits * Low interest rates due to a high degree of price stability * More price transparency * Removal of transaction costs * No exchange rate fluctuations Disadvantages * Lack of strong Federal government * Two speed economies * To raise or lower interest rates *†¦show more content†¦If a consumer would be willing to pay more than the current asking price, then they are getting more benefit from the purchased product than they spent to buy it. The difference in the price that they would pay, if they had to, and the amount that they pay now is their consumer surplus. Allows us to quantify what the lower price is worth to consumers. Arbitrage- buying something in one market amp; reselling the same thing in another market to profit from a price difference Effects of consumers amp; producers- for the U.S (importing country) the shift from no trade to free trade lowers the market price U.S consumers benefit from this change amp; increase their quantity consumed. Comparative advantage- a nation, like a person, gains from trade by exporting the goods or services in which it has its greatest comparative advantage in productivity and importing those in which it has the least comparative advantages Production possibility curve- shows all the combinations of outputs of different goods and that an economy can produce with full employment of resources amp; maximum productivity. Pictures the production side of a country’s economy. Indifference curve- shows all the consumption points at which utility equals some constant. Each indifference curve is typically presumed to have a bowed shape. A country s factor endowment is commonly understood as the amount of land, labor, and capital that a country possessesShow MoreRelatedPersonal Finance959 Words   |  4 Pagesaccounting, 7/e martin ives terry k. Patton solutions manual and test bank Introduction to information systems 2e canadian ed rainer cegielski splettstoesser hogeterp sanchez rodriguez instructor manual Introduction to logic, 14e irving m. Copi solutions manual and test bank Introduction to managerial accounting 6e brewer garrison solutions manual and test bank introduction to organic and biochemistry, 8th edition solutions manual and test bank by frederick a. Bettelheim | william h. 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Heroic Couplets What They Are and What They Do

Heroic couplets are paired, rhyming lines of poetry (usually iambic pentameter) found in epic or long narrative English poetry and translations. As you’ll see, there are a variety of qualities that distinguish heroic couplets from regular couplets. Definition of a Couplet A couplet is  two lines of poetry that are right next to each other. And, more important, they are related and together make up a complete thought or sentence. Their thematic or syntactical connection is more significant than their physical closeness.  This quote from Romeo and Juliet  is a great example of a couplet: Good night, good night. Parting is such sweet sorrowThat I shall say good night till it be morrow. These lines from Phillis Wheatleys On Virtue, however, are not a couplet: But, O my soul, sink not into despair,Virtue is near thee, and with gentle hand†¦ So while all couplets are two consecutive lines, not all pairs of consecutive lines are couplets. To be a couplet, the lines have to be a unit, generally self-contained, and complete. The lines can either be part of a larger stanza or a closed stanza by themselves.   Definition of a Heroic Couplet Several characteristics distinguish a heroic couplet from a regular couplet. A heroic couplet is always rhymed and is usually in iambic pentameter (although there is some variation of the meter). The heroic couplet is also usually closed, meaning that both lines are end-stopped (by some type of punctuation), and the lines are a self-contained grammatical unit. This quote from Shakespeare’s Sonnet 116 is a great example of a rhymed, closed, iambic pentameter couplet. It is not, however, a heroic couplet. If this be error and upon me provd,I never writ, nor no man ever lovd. This brings us to the final qualification: context. For a couplet to be heroic, it needs a heroic setting. This is obviously a bit subjective, but in most cases, determining if a poem is heroic is fairly easy. Examples of Heroic Couplets Some good examples of heroic couplets from poems you may be familiar with include: From John Drydens translation of Virgils  The Aeneid: Soon had their hosts in bloody battle joind;But westward to the sea the sun declind.Intrenchd before the town both armies lie,While Night with sable wings involves the sky. So lets go through our checklist: Couplets? Yes. The passage consists of two pairs of lines that are closed grammatical units.Rhyme/meter? Check and check. These lines are tight iambic pentameter and rhymed (with a near rhyme between joind and declind).Heroic? Absolutely. Few writings are more heroic than  The Aeneid. Another example: And he bigan with right a myrie cheereHis tale anon, and seyde as ye may heere. Couplet? Yes. This is a pair of closed lines.Rhyme/meter? Yes. The rhymed lines are in iambic pentameter.Heroic? These lines are from the General Prologue of Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, an epic, heroic tale. A final example: Thus conduct won the prize, when courage faild,And eloquence oer brutal force prevaild. Couplet? Yes.Rhyme/meter? Definitely.  Heroic? Yes. This example is drawn from Ovids  Metamorphoses, translated by Sir Samuel Garth and John Dryden. So the next time youre wondering if the lines youre reading are heroic couplets, just check for these three things and youll have your answer. The Mock-Heroic and Alexander Pope As with all influential and important literary movements and concepts, the heroic couplet has its own parody—the mock-heroic, most commonly associated with Alexander Pope. Mock-heroic poems are thought to have been a response to the deluge of epic, pastoral, heroic poems that were being written in the 17th century. As with any cultural trend or movement, people were looking for something new, something that would subvert the established aesthetic norms (think Dada or Weird Al Yankovic). So writers and poets took the form and context of the heroic or epic poem and played around with it. One of Popes best-known poems The Rape of the Lock is a quintessential mock-heroic on both the macro and micro levels. Pope takes a minor transgression—the cutting of a young womans hair by a suitor who wants a lock of her hair as a keepsake—and creates a narrative of epic proportions, complete with myth and magic. Pope mocks the heroic poem in two ways: by elevating a trivial moment into a kind of grand tale and by subverting formal elements, namely the heroic couplet.   From the Third Canto, we get this oft-quoted couplet: Here Thou, great Anna! whom three Realms obey,Dost sometimes Counsel take—and sometimes Tea. This is, in essence, a heroic couplet (closed lines, rhymed iambic pentameter, epic setting), but theres something symbolic happening in the second line as well. Pope is juxtaposing the high language and voice of the epic poem with everyday occurrences. He sets up a moment that feels as if it belongs in Roman or Greek mythology and then undercuts it with and sometimes tea. By using take to pivot between the high and low worlds—one can take counsel and one can take tea—Pope uses the conventions of the heroic couplet and bends them to his own comedic design. Closing Thoughts In both its original and parodic forms, the heroic couplet is an important part of Western poetrys evolution. With its driving rhythm, tight rhyme, and syntactical independence, it mirrors the subject matter it portrays—tales of adventure, war, magic, true love, and yes, even a stolen lock of hair. Because of its structure and its history and tradition, the heroic couplet is usually quite recognizable, allowing us to bring additional context to the poems we read. Being able to identify heroic couplets in a poem allows us to see how they might influence and shape our reading and interpreting experiences. Sources Chaucer, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Canterbury Tales: General Prologue.  Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43926/the-canterbury-tales-general-prologue.â€Å"Couplet.†Ã‚  Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/learn/glossary-terms/couplet.Online Library of Liberty.  The Aeneid (Dryden Trans.) - Online Library of Liberty, oll.libertyfund.org/titles/virgil-the-aeneid-dryden-trans.â€Å"Ovids Metamorphoses.† Translated by Sir Samuel Garth, John Dryden,  et al., The Internet Classics Archive, Daniel C. Stevenson, classics.mit.edu/Ovid/metam.13.thirteenth.html.Pope, Alexander. â€Å"The Rape of the Lock: An Heroic-Comical Poem. In Five Cantos.  Eighteenth Century Collections Online, University of Michigan.â€Å"Romeo and Juliet.†Ã‚  Romeo and Juliet: Entire Play, shakespeare.mit.edu/romeo_juliet/full.html.Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds.  Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45106/sonnet-116-let-me-not-to-the-marriage-of-true-minds.Wheatley, Phillis. â€Å"On Virtue.†Ã‚  Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45466/on-virtue.

Essay about The Physic of Paintball - 1567 Words

The Physic of Paintball I.The Fundamentals of the Game of Paintball. Paintball is a sport that is still fairly new in the world being not much more that a decade old. This game as with other sports would not be possible without physics. Physics is essential to the game of paintball. Some of physics that are involved in paintball are pressurized gas, projectile motion, and the impulse of being hit by a paintball. As with all sports there is necessary equipment needed to play. The most important piece of equipment would be the paintball gun often called a marker. The marker uses compressed carbon dioxide to propel the .68 caliber paintballs. Small carbon dioxide tanks are connected to the paintball markers the tanks vary in†¦show more content†¦Pressure caused by gases and gases being placed under pressure is used in our everyday life. Without the use of gases we would be unable to fly in airplanes, play basketball or even have carbonated drinks. â€Å"Gases exert pressure on any surface with which they come in contact, because gas molecules are constantly in motion. We humans have adapted so well psychologically to the pressure of the air around us that we are usually unaware of it† (Chang 155). The equation often used to measure the pressure of gases is the ideal gas equation P=nRT/V. Where P is the pressure of the gas in atm, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the proport ionality constant (0.0821 L*atm) T is the temperature in Kelvin of the gas, and V is the volume the gas occupies (Chang 160). The gas used with paintball in is pressurized carbon dioxide. The gas is under high pressure in small cylinders. The high pressure is created by forcing large amounts of gas into a finite area. According to the equation given above the more gas forced into a restricted volume the pressure will increase. III.Projectile Motion of Paintballs. Projectile motion plays a valuable role while playing paintball. Unlike shooting a real gun a paintball can be seen throughout its entire flight. They are big enough and slow enough to be seen easily. When a paintball is shot it comes out of the barrel moving at 250 to 300 feet per second, and unfortunately is easily affected by wind and air resistance.Show MoreRelatedThe University Of Science And Technology2037 Words   |  9 Pagesinclude; the American Institute of Chemical Engineering, Habitat for Humanity, and Student Council. MO ST also has a wide variety of different types of sports and other physical activities such as; Chess Club, Fencing Club, Gaming Association, and Paintball Club, as well as the usual sports such as baseball and volleyball. All major sports are also in the NCAA Division II. The sororities and fraternities on-campus are also well known for guiding one into learning more about leadership, community, andRead MoreMarketing Essay - Gopro2553 Words   |  11 Pages  Photography    Strapped Nick Woodman with a selection of GoPro cameras and mounts. On his chest is a 3-D setup .    records with this wide angle, it can be used in every situation — not only in extreme sports, but also in live concerts, vacations, paintball, when driving, TV broadcasting, airplane wings, helmets, racing cars, etc. They are the best cameras to document adventures because they can be mounted anywhere. The price is very attractive and cameras can be found online or at any GoPro retailRead MoreGold Ring Production : The Oldest Gold Artifacts2875 Words   |  12 Pagesand cultural capital will keep them round for the foreseeable future. Reference List †¢ Hazen, Robert. What Makes Diamond Sparkle? PBS. PBS, 01 Feb. 2000. Web. 01 Aug. 2014. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/diamond-science.html. †¢ Hoss, Gabriel. Diamond Cuttings/Wood Doors/Paintballs/Newspapers How It s Made. Discovery Channel. 2002. Television. †¢ Hoss, Gabriel. Jackets/Animation/Mushrooms/Gold Rings. How It s Made. Discovery Channel. 2002. Television. †¢ Hoss, Gabriel. Plastic Cups

Philosophy of Education -- Chapter 2 Pedagogy of the...

Freire, Paulo. Philosophy of Education -- Chapter 2: Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Home | Webster University. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2013. In Paulo Freire’s essay by definition, Pedagogy of the Oppressed means a method or practice of teaching of someone who is subject to harsh authoritarian treatment. The title gives forewarning to explain that the essay covers something in regards to education in a negative light. Freires thesis is to compare two concepts in education. The banking method in which he feels is the negative side to education and problem posing education, which he feels, is the solution to education. Freire’s purpose is to go in depth about the banking method. Freire explains his beliefs that teachers are simply†¦show more content†¦I have had various professors open to student’s interest, questions and feedback. I know some want to be told when we think they are not right or if we believe differently. I do think problem – posing education can be beneficial. I have seen it work to my benefit. I was able to understand and know certain topics better by classroom discussion. I was able to build a closer relationship to the teachers. Overall problem – posing education can help all units of the classroom cognitively. Freire does not give a lot of evidence to support his claims other then insightful logical claims to each side. I think he has a reasonable tone throughout his essay, but he is wordier and sheds more negativity on the banking method. He discusses in detail page upon page the opposition he has towards the banking method, but he does not go into as much depth in regards to his solution for education, which is the problem-posing method. Freire could further develop this essay by doing research that is more recent since this article was written back in 1993. I think current studies would provide information to show that problem-posing method is taking place in more schools. Teachers are becoming more hands on and giving students leeway to help decide what and how they learn. Teachers are approaching education differently using more concepts to try to help with more cognitive development. The banking system is not necessarily a negative thing. I do thinkShow MoreRelatedThe Liberal Education And Education Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pagessubject and teacher s methods of education decide which method students will receive. However, the student does not have a choice to choose education which they will get. While students receive an education in a variety of ways, they find the most effective method of education for themselves. Which lead numerous opinions and debate with the different methods of education. 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Discuss the ways Thomas presents country life and progress in his poetry Essay Example For Students

Discuss the ways Thomas presents country life and progress in his poetry Essay Discuss the ways Thomas presents country life and progress in his poetry. Refer to at least 4 poems in your answer. Thomas presents country life as warm and gleeful in his poetry. In The Evacuee he describes how a young girl grows up in the countryside and underlines the fact that she has been able to grow up in the loving atmosphere of the countryside rather than in the harshness of the city. He highlights this point when he says: Home now after so long away In the flowerless streets of the drab town. The evacuee is positively warm in its description of the rural surroundings and highlights the goodness it can bring out of people, as it describes the growth of a girl who is scared and weary at first, but grows up to be loved, mature and happy. In Farm Child the boy is held up like an exhibit in a museum: Look at this boy, his head is stuffed With all the nests he knows, his pockets with Snail-shells and bits of glass, the fruit of hours Spent in the fields by thorn and thistle tuft He is described like this so the reader will be able to visualise what this boy is like and what influence country life has had on him. Thomas describes the boys hair as: That bush of hair That dares the wind This emphasises how untidy his appearance is. Thomas describes the boy as having poise, which he has gained from his country life. In this poem Thomas has emphasised that the boys country life has given him poise and has influenced him well. This poem highlights Thomass high opinion of the countryside. In Lore the man is described as a survivor and as strong. When it says: It needs more than the rains hearse, Wind-drawn to pull me off The great pearch off my laugh This underlines that he has been through a lot but has been strong and survived. Thomas hints that the man was influenced by the countryside when he says: Mowing where the grass grew, Bearded with golden dew. Rhythm of the long scythe Kept this tall frame lithe. This verse describes that his country life has kept him active and that physical labour is good in his eyes. His country life has had a good influence on him and kept him strong. In Cynddylan however, Thomas criticises the progress of the countryside. He comments that Cynddylan has become part of a machine and is careless. When he says: Hes a new man now Thomas is being ironic. There has been no improvement in Cynddylan and criticises him throughout the poem. He is critical of his driving skills and his carelessness and accuses him of frightening the natural inhabitance of the wood. I conclude than Thomas had a very high opinion of country life and believed it had a good influence on people. However, I believe he is very wary of the progress of country life and that modern day people are going to destroy it.

Workplace bullying in the big organization - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Workplace bullying in the big organization. Answer: Introduction In this report,workplacebullyingandotherharassmentcaseshas been discussed. With the ramified economic changes and complex business structure in multinational organizations, employees are facing workplace bullying and other harassment cases in their working. In this report, JB Hi-Fi Company has been taken into consideration which has operated its business in Australia and other countries as well. Present description of the organization JB Hi-Fi Company mainly operates its business in Australia and New Zealand and having more than 124 units around the globe. The main headquarter of company is in Australia. The JB Hi-Fi Company currently employees more than7.81K people in its business operation. In this organization, management has maintained strong employees policies and frameworks for operating effective organizational culture. Nonetheless, employees have faced workplace bullying and other harassment while working in this company. Workplace bullying policies is required to implement in JB Hi-Fi Company so that company could maintain effective business functioning for the betterment of the organization (JB HI-FI, 2017). Rational for implementing new workplace bullying policies Company should have effective workplace bullying policies which will apply to all employees including CEO, management and other staff members of company. This policy contains statement about the consequence of violating and reporting, investigating and standards rules and regulations for employees. This new workplace bullying policies also contains rules and regulations of anti-discrimination and anti-harassment policies. Nonetheless, JB Hi-Fi Company has planned to include these workplace bullying policies in its HR policies to reduce the complexity and issues of business. The main rational behind formulating and implementing workplace bullying polices in JB Hi-Fi Company is related to its increasing business complexity and managing employees problems in efficient manner. If JB Hi-Fi Company could change its existing organization business policies as per the workmen compensation act, anti-discrimination and anti-harassment policies (Hutchinson and Eveline, 2010). Analyse, assess, and evaluate HR literature to support the Workplace bullying polices and rules With the ramified economic change and complex business structure, various employees have been facing issues of workplace bullying in organization. Workplace bullying and other harassment in the business functioning is the common issues which each and every organization has been facing. Workplace bullying and other harassment includes several acts such as verbal derogatory comments, negative physical contacts and humiliating other employees. However, in order to curb these kinds of acts in organization, company could implement proper workplace bullying policies and rules. These workplace bullying policies and rules should be the important part while formulating the HR policies and rules in an organization. JB Hi-Fi Company has used these workplace bullying policies and rules to reduce the conflicts and issues between employees. It is observed that in JB Hi-Fi Company, employees have faced issues, mostly related to offensive derogatory comments from each other. If newly framed Workplac e bullying polices is implemented in business then it could help management to curb these kinds of activities and cases in effective manner. The human resources policies and organizational culture is the key pillar for curbing this kind of workplace bullying cases in an organization. It is found that in organization employees facing these issues may find difficult to complain against it to HR department due to less effective workplace bullying policies. Therefore, HR policies of particular company should include these work place bullying policies in determined approach (Hershcovis et al., 2015). In Workplace bullying, human resource management department in organization plays an important role. If all the employees indulged in human resource department, makes efforts to implement proper workplace bullying polices in organizations then it will reduce the workplace bullying cases and negative impact of workplace environment on employees. It is considered that if management department wants to manage people in the organization then company should focus on giving training so that the person can get knowledge about the work. In addition to this, proper motivation to employees towards the better outcomes of the organization will also reduce the cases of workplace bullying polices. If they have the knowledge then they can work in an effective manner and give their best (Etienne, 2014). It is observed that implementation of workplace bullying policies in an organization could be more strengthen after installing new advanced cyber computing enterprises resources planning. This advanced cyber computing enterprises resources planning helps in developing new grievances portal in the business. This grievances portal is the strongest pillar in implementing workplace bullying polices in JB Hi-Fi Company. It is considered that if company could use proper level of grievances portal accompanied by the online cyber computing system then it will make easy for the employees to resolve their queries and problems in effective manner. This grievances portal would be great help in implementing Workplace bullying polices in organization. It is observed that in JB Hi-Fi Company, employees have faced issues related to derogatory comments from the management department and other employees (Farr-Wharton, et al., 2017). In most of the cases, tough organizational policies and setting high targets also comes under the workplace bullying cases. Therefore, this grievances portal establish will increase the overall effectiveness of the resolving queries and issues of employees. The human resources management department focuses on establishment of nexus between employees growth with the organizational development. This could only be done after implementing proper human resources policies and Workplace bullying polices in determined approach. This grievances portal and setting new department for employees queries established under the Workplace bullying polices may be good help for the betterment of the organization. Nonetheless, management department with the assistances of human resources management department could conduct meetings and seminars to identify the issues and cases related to workplace bullying cases in company. This will help in implementing employees oriented organizational policies and increasing the working effectiveness of the employees (Etienne, 2014). These workplace bullying policies focuses on reducing the negative behaviour of employee and create healthy organizational culture. If these policies are implemented then it will not only increase the overall productivity of the organization but also increase the overall outcome of the business. JB Hi-Fi Company through its proper motivation program has motivated its employees towards the better outcomes of the organization which will eventually reduce the cases of Workplace bullying polices in the working business process. However, setting standards and positive organizational culture where employees are kept free to put their points before management department. Issues in implementation of workplace bullying policies After evaluating the annual report and organizational culture of the JB Hi-Fi Company, it is considered that employees of JB Hi-fi Company are more rigid and may find difficult while following these new rules and regulations. It is observed that this workplace bullying policies could be implemented in JB Hi-Fi Company only after installing new advanced cyber computing enterprises resources planning. It is observed that if employees in company are dominated or humiliated by others in organization then they could use only dashboard mechanism to raise their queries and issues. Another issue in implementation of workplace bullying policies is cumbersome process of human resources management to adopt these policies and frameworks for the betterment of organization. It is observed that workplace bullying policies must contain all the details and consequences of not complying with the framed rules and regulation. In the starting, employees may face several difficulties while implementation of workplace bullying policies. However, proper surveillance and internal control program of human resources management department will increase the effectiveness of the implementation of workplace bullying policies. Nonetheless, these newly implementation of workplace bullying policies may also change the existing business functioning and decrease the overall outcomes of the business. It is observed that employees may find difficult to adapt with the changes in organization (Campbell, 2015). Apart from that, newly advanced workplace bullying policies will require company to install cyber computing enterprises resources planning in its value chain activities. This cyber computing enterprises resources planning will establish automation in filling complains and assessing the organizational environment in effective manner (Lewis, Megicks and Jones, 2017). This will reduce the negativity in business and promote employees to follow corporate policies in effective manner. The main issue which company could face is related to rigid behaviour of employees towards accepting the new workplace bullying policies in organization. In addition to this, JB Hi-Fi Company is having corporate governance policies and followed all the corporate social responsibilities policies in determined approach (ORourke Antioch, 2016). These policies have allowed company to create employees oriented organizational culture. Nonetheless, many people have faced issues such as derogatory behaviour of management department, setting high targets for employees and working beyond the working hours. However, asking employees to work beyond the working hours are relevant only when they are paid for their overtime. Therefore, implementation of these newly workplace bullying policies in JB Hi-Fi will also impact the management department and their strategic planning in organization (Gattis, 2017). These workplace bullying policies will focus on establishment grievances portal for employees so that they could easily raise their queries and issues in front of management department through this portal. In addition to this, it will also reduce the employees turnover and increase the overall efficiency of JB Hi-Fi Company. Now, after evaluating all the internal and external factors of company, it is considered that, management department needs to arrange another assessment department before implementing new workplace bullying policies in organization (Budden, et al. 2017).This workplace bullying policies of JB Hi-Fi Company is covered and rolled around the workmen compensation act, Fair Work Act, 2009 and world health organization which forces company to implement proper workplace environment for the benefits of employees. As per the new changes in workmen compensation act, employees are not allowed to work more than 8 hours in a day or they will be paid overtime for their work (French, Boyle, Muurlink, 2014). Conclusion In this essay, various information related workmen compensation act, Fair Work Act, 2009 and world health organization and policies formulated for the workplace bulling have been taken into consideration. Nonetheless, many organizations have failed to implement these policies and rules and faced workplace bulling cases in their value chain activities. JB Hi-Fi Company has faced these workplace bulling issues due to its non-effective employees oriented policies. However, newly formulated workplace bulling policies of company will cover provisions and rules of workmen compensation act, Fair Work Act, 2009 and world health organization which will bind management department and employees to work accordingly. References Budden, L.M., Birks, M., Cant, R., Bagley, T. and Park, T., 2017. Australian nursing students experience of bullying and/or harassment during clinical placement.Collegian,24(2), pp.125-133. Campbell, M. A. (2015). Policies and procedures to address bullying at Australian universities. InBullying Among University Students: Cross-National Perspectives(pp. 157-171). Routledge (Taylor Francis Group). Etienne, E., 2014. Exploring workplace bullying in nursing.Workplace health safety,62(1), pp.6-11. Farr-Wharton, B., Shacklock, K., Brunetto, Y., Teo, S.T. and Farr-Wharton, R., 2017. Workplace bullying, workplace relationships and job outcomes for police officers in Australia.Public Money Management,37(5), pp.325-332. French, B., Boyle, M. V., Muurlink, O. (2014). Workplace Bullying in Australia: The Fair Work Act and its impact.New Zealand Journal of Human Resource Management,14(2), 69-81. Gattis, V.M., 2017.A Case Study of Workplace Bullying, Resilience, and Professional Women(Doctoral dissertation, Grand Canyon University). Hershcovis, M.S., Reich, T.C. and Niven, K., 2015. Workplace bullying: causes, consequences, and intervention strategies. Hutchinson, J. and Eveline, J., 2010. Workplace bullying policy in the Australian public sector: why has gender been ignored?.Australian Journal of Public Administration,69(1), pp.47-60. JB HI-FI, 2017, annual report, Retrieved on 29th November, 2017 from https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/ASX_JBH_2016.pdf Lewis, D., Megicks, P. and Jones, P., 2017. Bullying and harassment and work-related stressors: Evidence from British small and medium enterprises.International small business journal,35(1), pp.116-137. ORourke, A., Antioch, S. K. (2016). Workplace bullying laws in Australia: Placebo or panacea?.Common Law World Review,45(1), 3-26.

The Sample of Argumentative Essay on Gay Marriage

The Sample of Argumentative Essay on Gay MarriageThe sample of argumentative essay on gay marriage provides a number of different ways that a Christian should write about same-sex relationships. There are some things that you will find that you agree with, and some things that you will find that you do not agree with. As a Christian, this is something that you should consider because there is much to be learned by looking at the two sample arguments.The first section of the sample of argumentative essay on gay marrige asks you to consider a few different things. You are asked to consider what your values are and how they affect your views of gay relationships. You are also asked to consider what your religious background believes as the basis for morals and behavior. Finally, you are asked to consider how these things apply to marriage between a man and a woman. As you think about these different issues, it is very important that you consider the viewpoint of the people who disagree with you.Another reason that you need to think about this is that you can look at both sides and come to a conclusion that is based on the soundness of a valid point. For example, if you are an attorney, you may know that your clients are often subjected to bias in their work environment. You know that you can use this knowledge to your advantage and bring to light issues that may be overlooked.The problem with many of the arguments that you have heard in support of gay marriage is that they have focused on specific scenarios that may have been applicable to one set of couples. Instead, the examples have often been those that were tailored to fit a group of couples that do not necessarily fit into these parameters. This leads to a common scenario, which is not an accurate representation of the situation.The argumentative essay on gay marriage will not be successful if it fails to address the whole picture. For example, marriage is about commitment, and the quality of that commitment . It is about love and acceptance.When thinking about arguments for gay marriage, it is vital that you have a good grasp of what your values are. You must know that what you believe in and your stance on gay marriage are not the same thing. It is extremely important that you know exactly what you stand for and how you plan to live out those beliefs.If you have a solid understanding of your values, then you will be able to focus your argumentative essay on a variety of topics. You will know the beliefs that you hold. This will allow you to bring the people who disagree with you to a clear understanding of the situation.A sample of argumentative essay on gay marriage is a valuable tool for Christians to use in their personal quest to find truth. You should use it to learn from the experiences of others, and to understand where the other side stands. Then, you can fully understand the issues that are being brought up by the other side, and you can continue to fight for what you believe in, because you have a solid foundation to build on.

How to Prevent Crime free essay sample

Crime statistics compiled by the FBI in its yearly crime index show what many in the law enforcement field consider to be an encouraging trend. From 1990 to 1995, the crime rate declined steadily in every category: murders, rapes, assaults, robberies, burglaries, and thefts. Sociologists and criminologists debate the explanation for this downward turn in crime rates; improved economic conditions and tougher criminal justice measures are two of the theories offered. Other experts, however, dispute whether the decline is significant, pointing out that crime rates in many categories are still higher than in the mid- 1980s. These scholars also deny that the trend of decreasing crime rates will continue. James Alan Fox, dean of the College of Criminal Justice at Northeastern University in Boston, is among those who believe that the recent drop in crime rates is merely the lull before an approaching crime storm. The reason for the current decrease in crime, he maintains, is the demographic dip in the number of teenage and young adult males (ages fourteen to twenty-five), the part of the population most likely to commit crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Prevent Crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, he points out that even as the overall rate has decreased, the crime rate among the present population of teenaged males has grown, and many of their crimes are more violent and vicious in nature than those committed by young males of preceding generations. As the numbers of teenaged males increase in the near future, he predicts, the crime rate will naturally return to previous levels and will possibly climb even higher. Expanding upon Fox’s argument, Princeton University professor John J. Di- Iulio Jr. rgues that it is more than simply the number of boys approaching their crime-prone teen years that portends an impending explosion in the crime rate. In his opinion, it is the moral poverty in which the next generation of adolescents is being raised that bodes ill for the nation’s crime rates. Moral poverty, according to DiIulio, is â€Å"the poverty of growing up surrounded by deviant, delinquent, and criminal adults in abusive, violence-ridden, fatherles s, Godless, and jobless settings. † According to DiIulio, research shows that a small proportion of juvenile criminals is responsible for nearly half of all offenses committed by all teenagers. What is well established yet little known, he asserts, is that each successive generation of this segment of young offenders is approximately three times more violent and dangerous than the previous one. In DiIulio’s view, this is because each generation grows up â€Å"in more extreme conditions of moral poverty than the one before it. † The criminal behavior of the current population of offenders brings about the social conditions to produce an even more deviant future breed of juvenile â€Å"superpredators,† he maintains. Today’s criminals are frightening, in DiIulio’s opinion, because they have never learned right from wrong, they have no concept of the relationship between present actions and future consequences, and they place no value on the lives of others. But tomorrow’s superpredators are destined to be worse, he contends, because they are being raised in the fatherless families and drug- and violence-ridden neighborhoods created by today’s criminals. And due to current population trends, he adds, there will be more of these juvenile criminals in the near future. Many criminologists, however, disagree with the predictions of Fox and Di- Iulio. Among them, Alfred Blumstein, a professor of urban systems at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, remains unconvinced that a juvenile crime wave is imminent. Blumstein contends that crime rates do not follow demographic trends in the numbers of teenage males as closely as proponents of the crime wave theory believe. He argues that violent crime has increased among the current population of teenagers (even though that population is relatively small) due to the influence of the drug trade and a lack of economic opportunity. As the economy improves and drug battles diminish, Blumstein maintains, fewer young people will become involved in crime. Counter to the beliefs of Fox and others, he predicts that crime rates will continue their downward slide. Others dispute DiIulio’s theory of a coming generation of superpredators. University of California, Berkeley professor Jerome H. Skolnick, for one, asserts that DiIulio’s theory of moral poverty â€Å"ignores such factors as racism, joblessness, inequality, and poverty. Although there undoubtedly will be more teenagers in the near future, he contends, whether they become incorrigibly violent depends on how society addresses these root causes of crime. Skolnick argues that poverty and unemployment within urban neighborhoods historically have been â€Å"a recipe for the emergence of youth cultures leading to rising crime rates. † He cites research by sociologists Kenneth Land, David Cantor, and Stephen Russell that shows a long-term correl ation between unemployment rates and property crime rates, particularly within inner cities. In Skolnick’s opinion, this research suggests that long-term economic deprivation is a motivation to commit crime. Isolated by declining economic conditions and racial divisions, he contends, urban neighborhoods over the years have developed patterns of lawlessness and family instability. As further proof, Skolnick points out that the declining crime rates of the 1990s have been accompanied by declining unemployment rates. It is by no means certain, he concludes, that America is on the brink of a wave of juvenile crime and violence. Debates about future crime trends are inextricably interwoven with arguments about juvenile crime, since many believe that today’s juvenile delinquents are destined to become tomorrow’s adult felons. Crime: Current Controversies presents debates about crime rates, juvenile crime, and other topics in these chapters: What Causes Crime? Is Crime Increasing? Can Stronger Criminal Justice Measures Prevent Crime? How Can Juvenile Crime Be Prevented? The issues surrounding crime are controversial and, as the viewpoints that follow demonstrate, reasonable people can draw differing conclusions from the available evidence.

Advocacy Action, Change and Commitment

Advocacy Action, Change and Commitment Introduction Advocacy according to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) context is defined as the use of efforts that affect the political climate, plan and programme verdicts, as well as public opinions or social beliefs. This context also defines advocacy as financial determinations, community aid and involvement in an issue.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advocacy: Action, Change and Commitment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is done via a set of well-designed actions carried out through a group of dedicated individuals or corporations working in a performance. It simply entails exploring the environment, identifying the agenda, defining partners, lobbying assistance of decision makers, developing allies and constituent building. Advocacy according to UNFPA heavily depends on mass media, group and interpersonal communications. The common targets of advocacy include policy makers, several decision make rs, spiritual leaders and those managing access to substantial resources such as the media (Henderson Pochin 106). Discussion Advocacy was adopted as a core programme area by UNFPA in 1995 over other approaches such as social mobilization, social selling, education, health enhancement and BCC (Behavioral change communication). The advantage of UNFPA advocacy over these methods is that UNFPA advocacy brings light on ICPD precedence’s and rising concerns. Second, UNFPA advocacy puts into consideration key issues such as gender cruelty and the girl child education. In addition, UNFPA advocacy provides a well organized framework for controlling resources to attend to ICPD priorities. The main differences between UNFPA advocacy and IEC include the fact that while UNFPA advocacy targets people by enrolling their support for the gain of other community members, IEC targets people by enrolling them to transform their behaviors for their personal gains. UNFPA advocacy is thus directed towards affecting the communal policy and public arena while IEC is primarily directed towards affecting conduct that is more individual. There are eight essential elements of UNFPA advocacy strategy. These include openly defined issues, well planned objectives, properly evaluated environment, recognized stakeholders, principal messages, suitably chosen intrusions and tools, execution plan and particular indicators for supervision and evaluation (Freeley Steinberg 268).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The situation discussed for the preparation of UNFPA advocacy plan in this paper is gender issues in reproductive well being. Women are rapidly heading for full and equal involvement in all features of local and international development. Some of the key barriers to the development of female sexual and reproductive well being are their lack of authority to make decision s at all socio- efficient levels. Assenting actions are required in this case. The preparation of an advocacy plan should, therefore, attempt to achieve equality and justness based on well balanced relationships amongst men and women. It should make it possible for women to recognize their full capabilities. The advocacy plan should make certain the improvement of women participation to sustainable development by fully involving them in processes of decision making at all levels. Women should also take part in all areas of production, income creating activities, science, education, traditions and technology. They should actively participate as decision makers, contributors and beneficiaries (Subedi Thapa 98). Approaches that can be taken within an Advocacy programme include the involvement of significant leaders and chief decision makers. This work together to strengthen relationships that offer access to the other decision makers. They establish what pressures or agreements must b e passed to the public. They are instruments to supply precise information. These leaders also make the public understand the official and unofficial parts of the advocacy programme. This approach is appropriate in a situation involving gender issues. Working together with the mass media so as to generate consensus is another approach. This involves coming up with an outreach programme to keep the objectives of the programme in the brains of the media, the overall public and decision makers. This approach is appropriate in a situation involving reproductive health. The third approach involves building companionships, networks and unions. In advocacy, figures significantly matter and establishing a network that will act like a framework and execute tasks in support of the matter is an added advantage to the process. This approach may sometimes constitute action planning. Important actions may have to be carried out to make formal the proposed network. This approach is appropriate in a situation involving population development. The fourth approach is the development of national capabilities for advocacy. This involves visions for nations being agents of affirmative social change so that all the people in a nation have intrinsic value as partakers of a fair and inclusive society. This approach is appropriate in a situation involving gender issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advocacy: Action, Change and Commitment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The last approach involves the mobilization of societies as pressure units. Practical communities are created. These share identical values. This approach generates the momentum of the actual world activities by adding the views and concerns articulated by virtual communities. It has the capability of mobilizing human resources past geographical, ritual and institutional barriers. This approach is appropriate in a situation involving reproductive he alth (Soonaval 802). The tools that are available include stakeholder evaluation, persuasion practices and media. Persuasion tools involve urging, petitioning, discussions, conciliations and conflict resolutions among the people. The use of media as a tool involves the use of press meetings, fact and background slips, media packets and radio and television shows. Stakeholder evaluation as a tool involves the identification and categorization of the potential stakeholders. This is done so as to know their interests as per a particular issue. Freeley, Austin Steinberg, David. Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision. Boston, M A: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. Henderson, Rick Pochin, Mikright. Advocacy, justice and empowerment. Bristol: Policy Press, 2001.Print Soonaval, Kavasha. Advocacy: Its principles and practice. Bombay: N. M. Tripathi, 1960.Print Subedi, Ram Thapa, Rosemary. Advocacy strategies and approaches: a training of trainer’s manual on advocacy strategies for community-based organizations in the Hindu Kush. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, 2005. Print

WK 2 forum Law enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WK 2 forum Law enforcement - Essay Example Police officers have an increased rate of suicide, alcoholism, and divorce than most other occupations. The extended costs to be paid from police stress are also astounding, with premature retirement, high absenteeism, lower rates of discipline, and disability. Stress also possesses hidden costs such as crisis management actions that the police require to redo their shift schedules and poor community relationships (Ellison, 2011). Most police personnel also tend to suppress stress, which has negative impacts on the police officers, their families, and ultimately their career. Suppression of stress eventually evolves into defensive mechanisms, for example, detachment of officers from their emotional lives (Ellison, 2011). This suppression benefits the police officer in the occurrence of crises, proving a systemic and validated way to release suppressed emotions especially after critical occurrences. However, the officers also suppress anger and frustration towards their supervisors, which causes questioning of their leadership skills. Police stress also leads to a high rate of divorce among police officers since they use work as a way to deal with their stress, thus staying away from home and accepting punishing shifts (Ellison, 2011). Suicide rates from stress related issues also have hard-hitting effects on families, as the officer may have been the sole breadwinner in the family. Spill over from demands at work, work family conflict, and emotional exhaustion leads to high marital discord rates, as well as divorce. Administrators in Police Departments have attempted to develop programs aimed at addressing the issue of stress among its personnel. This change has, however, been very slow because of the because of the bureaucracy inherent in most police departments Kearn (Kearney, 2009). First line supervisors carry a

Moon shots and unemployment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moon shots and unemployment - Essay Example According to the former president of United States, unemployment is not structural but it is largely due to the incapability of the firms to hire professionals suitable for the jobs. In other words, the people being hired are not competent enough for the jobs being offered to them. One of the solutions to this problem should be the development of a proper Human Resource system that would facilitate all the companies to hire people who perfectly fit in the given criteria. Job descriptions for each post should be developed and talent hunt should be conducted subsequently. However, the problem faced by USA is much more deep-rooted than this. While other developing countries like China are building on their core-competencies and looking for newer and bigger entrepreneurial ventures (for example, electric car manufacturing), USA is spending billions in Afghanistan. This is very dangerous for the country. USA should therefore invest in discovering new avenues for economic growth, rather than being so politically active in wars all around the world. Otherwise China will become an economic superpower in the upcoming years and USA will be importing products like electric cars from

300 - Rationalism vs Empiricism - Summary and History Essay Example for Free

300 Rationalism vs Empiricism Summary and History Essay What is reality really like? A current running through much of the philosophical thinking around the time of Socrates and Plato was that there is a difference between how the world appears and how it is. Our senses reveal one layer of reality but it is our minds that penetrate deeper. The world of appearances is a world in flux but underneath there must be a stable reality. For there is much that is unchanging. We recognise kinds of things – badgers, daffodils, mountains – and whilst members of these kinds are born, change and die, and differ from one another in ever so many ways, the kind-defining essence doesnt change. We see here the key rationalist idea that knowledge is a priori knowledge of necessary truths Plato said that kinds were defined by the transcendental forms. He presented a number of arguments for the existence of these things. Prior to our incarnation, our souls existed in the realm of forms where we learned about these essences. In our terrestrial state, we cannot recall what we know. Socrates considered himself a midwife to knowledge instead of a teacher, helping his interlocutors to draw out what they dont know that they know. The example of Meno and the slave-boy shows this idea clearly. Like many philosophers, Plato was also fascinated by mathematics. We are able to tap into a universe of truths that are non-sensible: we do not see numbers and we do not see the perfect geometric forms. Once again, we see the difference between the powers of the mind and the powers of the senses. It was in the 17th century that the debate between the rationalists and the empiricists came to a head. Philosophers such as Descartes and Leibniz emphasised the power of reason over the senses. Descartes argued that our senses were fallible and that we could not rule out the possibility of the demon deception hypothesis on the basis of sensory evidence alone. Descartes argued that he knew he existed, as a mind, on the basis of reflection alone: when I think, I cannot fail to be aware of myself as existing as that thinker (cogito, ergo sum). Having proved that he exists, Descartes argued that God exists. Since God is no deceiver, he would not have given us senses that systematically mislead. But let us not overemphasise the powers of the senses. Descartes argued that even with material things, it is reason that exposes their essences. In his piece of wax reasoning, he argued that the senses merely reveal a succession of impressions: it is reason that grasps the underlying and enduring substance as extended (and filled space). Plato and Descartes believed that we are born with concepts and knowledge. In Descartes case, there was a religious motive: we are all born in the image of God. We discover more about the world primarily through metaphysical reflection. The philosopher Francis Bacon, an early empiricist, famously dismissed this rationalist approach to knowledge. He compared rationalists to spiders who spin complex metaphysical systems out of their entrails. Empiricists get their hands dirty: like bees gathering pollen, they gather knowledge about the world and only then reflect on it. Around the same time as Bacon, many new discoveries were being made that shook the prevailing views of reality. The Earth was dethroned from its position at the centre of the universe by Copernicus. A new star (a supernova) was observed by Tycho Brahe in 1572 – yet the heavens were supposed to be timeless and unchanging. Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter – again, everything clearly didnt revolve around the Earth. Later in the 17th century, scientist-philosophers such as Newton, Boyle, Gassendi and Huygens would revolutionise our understanding of reality. The original empiricist manifesto was written by John Locke. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he sought to show how a mind that was blank at birth – a tabula rasa or blank slate – could come to be filled. His first targets were the innate concepts and knowledge (ideas) of the rationalists. There are no such things. There are no truths everyone agrees on. Many people fail to grasp the supposed metaphysical truths. Instead, our senses deliver ideas to us. We store them, abstract from them to form general ideas, and compound and mix them to generate new ideas. Like Lego bricks, we build the meagre sensory data into ever more complex structures. Even Leibniz thought Locke was onto something here. He claimed that our minds were like blocks of marble that had to be carefully chiselled at to reveal the hidden structure (the innate truths). It is hard work and not everyone will end up well-chiselled. Hume took empiricism to its limit. Where Locke talked indifferently of ideas, Hume distinguished impressions and ideas. Impressions are the direct deliverances of the senses and are forceful and vivid in comparison to ideas, which are the copies our minds makes. (He also agreed with the Empiricist Berkeley that Lockes theory of general ideas was wrong. We do not abstract from particular ideas to a general idea but use a particular idea in a general way via a general name. ) What about the precious necessary truths philosophy is supposed to study? Locke argued that once we have ideas in our mind, our mind will perceive the necessary connections between them – e. g. that a triangle has internal angles that add to 180o? But where does the idea of necessity come from? Hume provided an answer. He distinguished statements into two categories: those expressing relations of ideas (analytic) and those expressing matters of fact (synthetic). The analytic truths express mere definitions: we simply are aware of an association between terms. The synthetic truths are the contingent truths. So what happens to interesting necessary truths, such as God exists or nothing exists without being caused to exist? Hume argued that if these werent analytic – and they arent – they arent necessary. We feel that they are necessary and this is all necessity is: a psychological property. When we say that X caused Y, we think we have said something about the universe. We think we have seen an example of a law of nature (e. g. the water in the bucket froze because it was cold exemplifies the law water freezes at 0oC). Science investigates these laws. Hume said that causation was all in the mind. We see one thing after another and when weve seen instances of a regularity enough, we develop the feeling that one thing must be followed by the other. Hume, like Locke, emphasised how all we can be certain of are our impressions – how the world seems. Scientists are really investigating how the world appears: they can never be certain that the world really is the way it appears. So, empiricism seems to lead straight to scepticism about the external world. Kant objected strongly to this. Science really is studying the external world and there really is an external world for it to investigate. Kant brought about a revolution in philosophy (he called it a Copernican revolution). He argued that the empiricists and rationalists were both right and wrong. The Empiricists were right: science requires the study of the world and the world is brought to us via the senses. The Rationalists were right: our mind is not blank but contains structures that enable us to interpret the stream of data from the senses. We may liken the mind to a mould and the data to jelly: one only has something structured by combining both. Or: the mind is a computer with an operating system and the data is the input from the user. A computer with just an operating system is inert. A computer into which data is inputted but which has no operating system is just data: it cannot be interpreted. Only when you combine both do you get something useful. Our minds contain the structures for space, time, objects and causation, for example. (In Kants terminology, space and time are the pure forms of intuition whereas the structures for objects and causation are pure concepts of the understanding. ) This means that we experience a world of spatio-temporally located objects in which causation happens because this is how our minds make it appear. Does this mean that the world as such is all in the mind? Or is the mind somehow tuned to the structure of reality, so that our pre-programmed minds mirror the structures of reality? This is a very difficult question over which there is no agreement amongst experts. The Empiricist movement came back with a vengeance in the 20th century. Philosophers such as Bertrand Russell agreed with Hume that our knowledge begins with our knowledge of sense-data (classical empirical foundationalism). Armed with new discoveries in mathematics and logic, and backed by the successes of science, the logical positivists argued that the only proper way to investigate the world was the scientific way. If I say p and p is synthetic and there is no objective, scientific way to verify my claim that p, then my claim is meaningless. (This is the celebrated verification principle). So, if it is true that there atoms, we should be able to find empirical – sensory – evidence of them. If it is true that nothing happens without being caused to happen, then we likewise need scientific evidence for this. We cannot discover whether it is true by pure reason. The Logical Positivist movement failed. There is much that seems meaningful that is not objectively verifiable by the senses, such as the occurrence of private sensations. The principle makes it impossible for general claims such as all mammals are warm-blooded to be true, as we cannot verify all of them. The very verification principle itself fails its own test! The Logical Positivists responded by watering down their principle: a meaningful claim is one we could gather some evidence for in principle and the principle itself is special – exempt from this rule. But it was not enough. (* Then Quine argued that the fundamental division between analytic and synthetic sentences was incorrect. Analytic sentences cannot be false. But no sentence enjoys this privilege. As we learn more and more, truths we thought were beyond doubt are rejected. Once upon a time, we would have thought it analytic that no object can be in two places at once or that there is no fastest velocity. Quantum physics and general relativity theory show that they are not true. Instead, we should have a web of belief. At the centre are those sentences least likely to be revised – our core beliefs. As we move out, we find those sentences that would be easier and easier to accept as false – that would cause less and less disruption to the rest of what we believe. ) In the 1950s, Chomsky became famous for suggesting that we are not born as blank slates when it comes to language. We are born knowing the fundamental structures of human language. When we are young, we hear our mother tongue and use our knowledge of language to pick up our language very quickly. (At 24 months, the average child understands 500-700 words; at 36 months, 1000; at 48 around 2500-3000; at 60 around 5000 words: thats around 7 words a day between 3 and 6). More recently, studies have shown that children are born with brains structured to expect the world to behave in certain way. Very young children expect objects to persist over time: not to disappear and reappear at two different places, for example. Is this a revival of rationalism? Not according to many people. Rationalists argued that we had innate concepts and knowledge. By reflection, we can discover them and manipulate them to gain new knowledge. But our knowledge of language is altogether different. None of us can easily articulate the rules we follow in generating syntactically-correct English. (And certainly none of us at all can articulate the common structure rules to all human languages. ) Our brains are certainly pre-programmed, but only perhaps in the same way that a computer is pre-wired: clearly something has to be there but nothing as advanced as software. So where are we today? No side is victorious: this would be to grossly over-simplify the debate between the empiricists and the rationalists. We definitely have minds in some way ready to receive the world – hardly surprising, perhaps, given the time it has taken for us to evolve. But when it comes to working out what is true? Few philosophers are rationalists in the old-fashioned way. There is no sharp division between metaphysics and science: our study of reality cannot be done from the armchair alone. But our capacity to grasp abstract mathematical truths has always been difficult to explain from an empiricist perspective. We seem to have an access to a mathematical realm and a cognitive or intuitive access instead of a sensory one. You cant see numbers, after all, and it is not easy to say what we could see that would lead us to generate the ideas of numbers.